Deprecated: stripos(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($haystack) of type string is deprecated in /www/wwwroot/zhanqun.com/list.php on line 48
poker hierarchy

poker hierarchy

Poker is a game of skill, strategy, and psychology, where players compete to win the pot by forming the best possible hand. The hierarchy of poker hands is a fundamental aspect of the game, determining the strength of each player’s hand and ultimately who wins the pot. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the poker hand hierarchy, from the weakest to the strongest. 1. High Card Definition: The lowest possible hand in poker, consisting of five cards of different ranks and suits. Example: A♠ K♣ Q♦ J♠ 9♥ Winning Condition: Wins only if no other player has a hand with a pair or better.

  • Cash King Palace
    new
    Royal Wins100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Lucky Ace Palace
    Luck&Luxury100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Starlight Betting Lounge
    Celestial Bet100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Spin Palace Casino
    Win Big Now100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Silver Fox Slots
    Elegance+Fun100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Golden Spin Casino
    Luxury Play100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Royal Fortune Gaming
    Opulence & Thrills100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Lucky Ace Casino
    Luck&Luxury100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Diamond Crown Casino
    Opulence & Fun100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Victory Slots Resort
    Spin to Win100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more

poker hierarchy

Poker is a game of skill, strategy, and psychology, where players compete to win the pot by forming the best possible hand. The hierarchy of poker hands is a fundamental aspect of the game, determining the strength of each player’s hand and ultimately who wins the pot. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the poker hand hierarchy, from the weakest to the strongest.

1. High Card

  • Definition: The lowest possible hand in poker, consisting of five cards of different ranks and suits.
  • Example: A♠ K♣ Q♦ J♠ 9♥
  • Winning Condition: Wins only if no other player has a hand with a pair or better.

2. One Pair

  • Definition: A hand that contains two cards of one rank and three cards of different ranks.
  • Example: 10♠ 10♣ 7♦ 5♥ 2♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats any high card hand.

3. Two Pair

  • Definition: A hand that contains two cards of one rank, two cards of another rank, and one card of a different rank.
  • Example: J♠ J♣ 8♦ 8♥ 3♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats one pair and high card hands.

4. Three of a Kind

  • Definition: A hand that contains three cards of the same rank and two cards of different ranks.
  • Example: 9♠ 9♣ 9♦ 4♥ 2♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats two pair, one pair, and high card hands.

5. Straight

  • Definition: A hand that contains five cards of consecutive ranks, not all of the same suit.
  • Example: 7♠ 8♣ 9♦ 10♥ J♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats three of a kind, two pair, one pair, and high card hands.

6. Flush

  • Definition: A hand that contains five cards all of the same suit, not all of consecutive rank.
  • Example: A♠ K♠ 10♠ 7♠ 2♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats a straight, three of a kind, two pair, one pair, and high card hands.

7. Full House

  • Definition: A hand that contains three cards of one rank and two cards of another rank.
  • Example: 5♠ 5♣ 5♦ 9♥ 9♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats a flush, straight, three of a kind, two pair, one pair, and high card hands.

8. Four of a Kind

  • Definition: A hand that contains four cards of one rank and one card of a different rank.
  • Example: 4♠ 4♣ 4♦ 4♥ K♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats a full house, flush, straight, three of a kind, two pair, one pair, and high card hands.

9. Straight Flush

  • Definition: A hand that contains five cards of consecutive ranks, all of the same suit.
  • Example: 5♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats four of a kind, full house, flush, straight, three of a kind, two pair, one pair, and high card hands.

10. Royal Flush

  • Definition: The highest possible hand in poker, consisting of the cards 10, J, Q, K, and A, all of the same suit.
  • Example: 10♠ J♠ Q♠ K♠ A♠
  • Winning Condition: Beats a straight flush, four of a kind, full house, flush, straight, three of a kind, two pair, one pair, and high card hands.

Key Points to Remember

  • Tie Breaker: In the event of a tie, the hand with the highest-ranking card wins. For example, a pair of Aces beats a pair of Kings.
  • Suit Ranking: In most poker games, suits are not ranked. However, in some games like high-low split, suits can play a role in determining the winner.
  • Community Cards: In games like Texas Hold’em, players use community cards along with their hole cards to form the best possible hand.

Understanding the poker hierarchy is crucial for any player looking to improve their game. By mastering the ranking of hands, you can make more informed decisions and increase your chances of winning.

what are the hands in poker️

Poker is a popular card game that involves a combination of strategy, skill, and luck. One of the fundamental aspects of poker is understanding the different hands, which determine the strength of a player’s cards. Here, we will explore the various poker hands, ranked from the weakest to the strongest.

1. High Card

  • Description: The lowest-ranking hand in poker.
  • Example: If no player has any of the following hands, the highest card in their hand determines the winner. For instance, a hand with a King high beats a hand with a Queen high.

2. One Pair

  • Description: A hand that contains two cards of the same rank.
  • Example: Two 7s.

3. Two Pair

  • Description: A hand that contains two different pairs.
  • Example: Two 7s and two 3s.

4. Three of a Kind

  • Description: A hand that contains three cards of the same rank.
  • Example: Three 7s.

5. Straight

  • Description: A hand that contains five cards of consecutive ranks, not all of the same suit.
  • Example: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

6. Flush

  • Description: A hand that contains five cards all of the same suit, not in sequence.
  • Example: Five hearts (e.g., 2♥, 5♥, 7♥, 9♥, K♥).

7. Full House

  • Description: A hand that contains three cards of one rank and two cards of another rank.
  • Example: Three 7s and two 3s.

8. Four of a Kind

  • Description: A hand that contains four cards of the same rank.
  • Example: Four 7s.

9. Straight Flush

  • Description: A hand that contains five cards of consecutive ranks, all of the same suit.
  • Example: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, all hearts.

10. Royal Flush

  • Description: The highest-ranking hand in poker, consisting of the cards 10, J, Q, K, A, all of the same suit.
  • Example: 10♥, J♥, Q♥, K♥, A♥.

Understanding Hand Rankings

  • Tie Breaker: In the event of a tie, the rank of the cards within the hand determines the winner. For example, a pair of Aces beats a pair of Kings.
  • Kicker: When two players have the same hand, the highest card not contributing to the hand (the “kicker”) can break the tie. For example, if both players have a pair of 7s, the player with the higher kicker wins.

Mastering the hands in poker is crucial for any player looking to improve their game. By understanding the rankings and how to break ties, you can make more informed decisions and increase your chances of winning. Whether you’re playing Texas Hold’em, Omaha, or any other variant, knowing your hands is the first step to becoming a successful poker player.

pokerstraightrules

Poker is a game of skill, strategy, and a bit of luck. Among the many hands you can form, the straight is one of the most exciting and potentially rewarding. Understanding the rules and nuances of a straight in poker is crucial for any player looking to improve their game.

What is a Straight?

A straight is a poker hand that consists of five consecutive cards of different suits. For example, a hand like 5-6-7-8-9 is a straight. The highest straight, also known as a royal straight, is 10-J-Q-K-A.

Key Points About Straights:

  • Consecutive Cards: All five cards must be in sequence.
  • Different Suits: The cards do not need to be of the same suit.
  • Ace High or Low: The Ace can be used as either the highest card (A-K-Q-J-10) or the lowest card (A-2-3-4-5).

Ranking of Straights

In poker, straights are ranked based on the highest card in the sequence. For instance:

  • 8-9-10-J-Q beats 4-5-6-7-8 because the highest card in the first straight is a Queen, while the highest card in the second straight is an 8.
  • A-2-3-4-5 (also known as a wheel) is the lowest possible straight.
  • 10-J-Q-K-A is the highest possible straight.

Common Misconceptions

1. Straights with the Same High Card

If two players have straights with the same high card, the pot is split. For example, if one player has 7-8-9-10-J and another has 6-7-8-9-10, both straights have a Jack as the highest card, and the pot is divided equally.

2. Straights and Flushes

A straight flush (a straight where all cards are of the same suit) beats a regular straight. For example, 5-6-7-8-9 of hearts beats 5-6-7-8-9 of different suits.

3. Straights and Full Houses

A full house (three of a kind plus a pair) beats a straight. For example, 3-3-3-6-6 beats any straight.

How to Play a Straight

1. Betting Strategy

When you have a straight, you should generally bet aggressively. Straights are strong hands and can often win the pot outright. However, be cautious if you suspect your opponent might have a higher straight or a straight flush.

2. Reading Opponents

Pay attention to your opponents’ betting patterns. If they are betting strongly, they might have a higher straight or a different strong hand like a full house or four of a kind.

3. Bluffing with a Straight

While straights are strong hands, sometimes bluffing can be effective, especially if you think your opponent might fold. However, this strategy should be used sparingly and with caution.

Understanding the rules and strategies around straights in poker is essential for any player looking to improve their game. By knowing how to form, rank, and play straights, you can increase your chances of winning and enjoy the game even more.

Short deck poker book

Introduction to Short Deck Poker

Short Deck Poker, also known as Six Plus Hold’em, is a variant of traditional Texas Hold’em that has gained significant popularity in recent years. The game is played with a deck of 36 cards instead of the standard 52, excluding cards from 2 through 5. This change in deck composition significantly alters the dynamics of the game, making it both challenging and exciting for players.

Key Differences from Texas Hold’em

  • Deck Composition: A 36-card deck (A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6).
  • Hand Rankings: Flush beats a full house, and three of a kind beats a straight.
  • Blind Structure: Typically, the small blind is 13 of the big blind.

Basic Rules of Short Deck Poker

1. Card Rankings

In Short Deck Poker, the hand rankings are slightly different due to the absence of lower cards:

  • Royal Flush: A, K, Q, J, 10 of the same suit.
  • Straight Flush: Five consecutive cards of the same suit.
  • Four of a Kind: Four cards of the same rank.
  • Flush: Five cards of the same suit.
  • Full House: Three cards of one rank and two cards of another rank.
  • Three of a Kind: Three cards of the same rank.
  • Straight: Five consecutive cards of different suits.
  • Two Pair: Two cards of one rank and two cards of another rank.
  • One Pair: Two cards of the same rank.
  • High Card: The highest card in the hand.

2. Betting Structure

The betting structure in Short Deck Poker is similar to Texas Hold’em:

  • Pre-Flop: Betting after players receive their hole cards.
  • Flop: Betting after the first three community cards are dealt.
  • Turn: Betting after the fourth community card is dealt.
  • River: Betting after the fifth and final community card is dealt.

3. Blinds and Antes

  • Blinds: The small blind is usually 13 of the big blind.
  • Antes: Common in tournaments, an ante is a forced bet by all players before each hand.

Strategy Tips for Short Deck Poker

1. Understanding Hand Strength

  • High Cards: Due to the smaller deck, high cards are more valuable.
  • Flush and Full House: Flushes are stronger than full houses.
  • Straights and Three of a Kind: Straights are less common, making three of a kind more powerful.

2. Position and Table Image

  • Position: Late position is more advantageous due to more information.
  • Table Image: Maintain a balanced image to keep opponents guessing.

3. Bluffing and Value Betting

  • Bluffing: More effective due to the altered hand rankings.
  • Value Betting: Ensure your bets are profitable by betting with strong hands.

4. Adjusting to Opponents

  • Tight Players: Exploit their tightness by bluffing more.
  • Loose Players: Be cautious and value bet more aggressively.

Advanced Concepts

1. Pot Odds and Implied Odds

  • Pot Odds: Calculate the ratio of the current pot size to the cost of a contemplated call.
  • Implied Odds: Consider future betting rounds to determine the profitability of a call.

2. Short Deck Poker Software and Tools

  • Poker Trackers: Use software to track and analyze your play.
  • Hand Simulators: Practice and understand hand probabilities.

3. Mental Game and Discipline

  • Focus: Stay focused and avoid distractions.
  • Discipline: Stick to your strategy and avoid tilt.

Short Deck Poker offers a fresh and exciting twist on traditional Texas Hold’em. By understanding the unique card rankings, betting structure, and strategic nuances, players can excel in this dynamic game. Whether you’re a seasoned poker player or a newcomer, Short Deck Poker provides a thrilling challenge that is sure to keep you engaged.

Frequently Questions

What is the hierarchy of poker hands in 4 card poker?

In 4-card poker, the hierarchy of hands is slightly different from traditional 5-card poker. The strongest hand is a Four of a Kind, followed by a Straight Flush, Three of a Kind, a Flush, and a Straight. Two Pair and One Pair are also ranked, with Two Pair being stronger. The weakest hand is a High Card, which is when no pairs or better combinations are formed. Understanding this hierarchy is crucial for strategic play and decision-making during a game.

What is the hierarchy in poker and how does it work?

In poker, the hierarchy of hands is determined by their rarity and strength, starting from the highest: Royal Flush, Straight Flush, Four of a Kind, Full House, Flush, Straight, Three of a Kind, Two Pair, One Pair, and High Card. A Royal Flush, the strongest hand, consists of Ace, King, Queen, Jack, and 10 of the same suit. The hierarchy works by comparing players' hands; the player with the highest-ranking hand wins the pot. If hands are tied, the pot is split. Understanding this hierarchy is crucial for strategic betting and decision-making in poker games.

 

How does the hand hierarchy work in 4-card poker?

In 4-card poker, the hand hierarchy is slightly different from traditional 5-card poker. The strongest hand is a 4-card straight flush, followed by three of a kind, a straight, a flush, and a pair. The ranking of cards within each hand type remains the same, with Aces being high. Notably, two pairs do not rank in 4-card poker, making a single pair the lowest ranking hand that can win. This unique hierarchy adds a strategic twist, encouraging players to aim for higher-ranking hands with fewer cards, enhancing the game's excitement and complexity.

What is the highest hand in poker?

In poker, the highest hand is a Royal Flush, which consists of a sequence of five cards of the same suit, specifically 10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace. This hand is the most coveted and rare, as it is the highest possible combination in the game. Achieving a Royal Flush is a significant achievement, often leading to a substantial payout in poker games. Understanding the hierarchy of poker hands is crucial for strategic play, and the Royal Flush stands at the pinnacle of this hierarchy, making it the ultimate goal for any poker player.

How does the hand hierarchy work in 4-card poker?

In 4-card poker, the hand hierarchy is slightly different from traditional 5-card poker. The strongest hand is a 4-card straight flush, followed by three of a kind, a straight, a flush, and a pair. The ranking of cards within each hand type remains the same, with Aces being high. Notably, two pairs do not rank in 4-card poker, making a single pair the lowest ranking hand that can win. This unique hierarchy adds a strategic twist, encouraging players to aim for higher-ranking hands with fewer cards, enhancing the game's excitement and complexity.